A Review of the Toxicity and Effects of Mancozeb, an Ethylene Bis (dithiocarbamate) Fungicide, on Fish Species

Abstract

Mancozeb is widely utilized in Nigeria and globally. It is used to control and eradicate various fungal diseases
on agricultural crops such as fruits, vegetables, and cereals. Mancozeb is moderately to highly toxic to fish
and non-target organisms. The objective of this literature review is to document the toxicity and effects of
Mancozeb, an Ethylene Bis(dithiocarbamate) Fungicide, on Fish Species. Fifteen laboratory studies and two
modeling studies were reviewed from literature in which fifteen different Fish Species were investigated. Acute
concentration of Mancozeb results in mortality (96 h LC50) while sub-lethal concentration induces multiple
lethal changes such as behavioral alteration, haematological (RBCs, WBCs, or plasma), histopathological
(kidney, liver, gills, spleen), oxidative stress biomarkers (catalase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismu-
tase, etc.), genotoxicity, and biochemical parameters (protein, lipids, carbohydrates, moisture content, and
ash, etc.). Mancozeb is hydrophobic in nature, but its metabolite ethylenethiourea has the abundant capacity
to contaminate groundwater. Continuous misuse of fungicides can enter the aquatic ecosystem and result in
harmful effects. Therefore, the use of bio-pesticides should be implemented and encouraged among farmers,
especially those residing close to water bodies, to reduce the detrimental effects of fungicides on aquatic fauna
and flora. Researchers worldwide should investigate the harmful effects of Mancozeb on several Fish Species
and their environment.